The immunopathogenetic role of autoantibodies in canine autoimmune hepatitis: lessons to learn from human autoimmune hepatitis

Table 1 Major causes of chronic liver disease in man and dog

Cause	Man	Dog
Viruses	Yes (i.e., hepatitis B, C, D viruses, EBV, CMV, HSV-1)	Yes (i.e., CAV-1, herpes virus, canine acidophil cell virus hepatitis^a)
Microbes	Yes (Listeria monocytogenes, Brucella mellitensis, Legionella pneumophila, Treponema pallidum, Helicobacter hepaticus)	Yes (Leishmania infantum, Ehrlichia canis, Corynebacterium parvum, Bartonella, Leptospirae, Helicobacter species) [79]
Toxins and drugs
Ethanol	Yes	Non-applicable
Immunosuppressants	Yes	Yes
Anticonvulsants	Yes	Yes
Genetic diseases
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency	Yes	Yes (rarely reported)^b [24]
Copper storage disease	Yes	Yes
	Most commonly is Wilson disease caused by mutation in a gene on chromosome 13 that encodes for a P-type ATPase	Caused mainly by a mutation of MURR1 gene
	Rarely other types of impaired copper excretion	Rarely other types [28]
Metabolic diseases	Yes (various, well studied as haemochromatosis, porphyrias)	Yes (Various, less extensively studied)

EBV Epstein–Barr virus, CMV cytomegalovirus, HSV-1 herpes simplex virus-1, CAV-1 canine adenovirus
^aCanine acidophil cell virus hepatitis can cause chronic hepatitis characterized by fibrosis and hepatocellular necrosis but without severe inflammatory signs and progression to hepatocellular carcinoma [15]
^bCase reports with accumulation of two types of a-1 antitrypsin in the hepatocytes of dogs with CAH, although reduced a-1 antitrypsin levels was not present

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